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Diagnosis & risk assessment
Principles
Visual Inspection and Use of Explorers
Coronal caries
On smooth tooth enamel
In pits or fissures surface
Root caries
Recurrent caries
Radiographic diagnosis of caries
Caries Management
Introduction  
Diagnosis, Risk Assessment & Management Protocols
1 Pits and Fissures
2 Proximal tooth surfaces
3 Buccal-lingual smooth tooth surfaces
4 Restored tooth surfaces
5 Sealants
6 Root Surfaces
7 Classification of caries risk status
8 Fluoride application
9 Management of patients with high caries risk
Examination and analysis forms
1 Examination Form 1
2 Examination Form 2
Notes
Cariology links
Supporting references
Diagnosis Tables
1-1 Caries in smooth surfaces
1-2 Caries in pits or fissures
1-3 Root caries
1-4 Recurrent caries
1-5 Radiographic caries
2 Dental fluorosis & opacities

Supporting References

Restorative treatment and caries prevention:

  1. Gregory RL, el-Rahman AM, Avery DR. Effect of restorative treatment on mutans streptococci and IgA antibodies. Pediatr Dent 1998;20:273-7.

Diagnosis of non-cavitated/incipient carious lesions:

  1. Ismail A, Brodeur JM, Gagnon P, Payette M, Picard D, Hamalian T, Olivier M. Restorative treatments received by children covered by a universal, publicly financed, dental insurance plan. J Public Health Dent 1997; 57: 11-8.
  2. Ismail AI. Clinical diagnosis of precavitated carious lesions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25;13-23.
  3. Pitts NB. Diagnostic tools and measurements -- impact on appropriate care Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997; 25: 24-35.
  4. Lussi A. Impact of including or excluding cavitated lesions when evaluating methods for the diagnosis of occlusal caries. Caries Res 1996; 30: 389-93.

Diagnosis of cavitated carious lesions and root lesions:

  1. NIDR. Diagnostic criteria and procedures. Oral Health Surveys of the National Institute of Dental Research. Bethesda: NIH; n.y.: 3-34.

Dental explorers:

  1. Yassin OM. In vitro studies of the effect of a dental explorer on the formation of an artificial carious lesion. J Dent Child 1995; 62: 111-7.
  2. Penning C, van Amerongen JP, Seef RE, ten Cate JM. Validity of probing for fissure caries diagnosis. Caries Res 1992; 26: 445-9.
  3. Lussi A. Validity of diagnostic and treatment decisions of fissure caries. Caries Res 1991; 25: 296-303.

Root caries:

  1. Lynch E, Beighton D. A comparison of primary root caries lesions classified according to colour. Caries Res 1994; 28: 233-9.
  2. Lynch E, Beighton D. Relationships between mutans streptococci and perceived treatment need of primary root-caries lesions. Gerodontol 1993; 10: 98-104.

Recurrent Caries:

  1. Kidd EA, Beighton D. Prediction of secondary caries around tooth-colored restorations: a clinical and microbiological study. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 1942-6.
  2. Kidd EA, Joyston-Bechal S, Beighton D. Marginal ditching and staining as a predictor of secondary caries around amalgam restorations: a clinical and microbiological study. J Dent Res 1995; 74: 1206-11.

Radiographic diagnosis:

  1. Hintze H. Screening with conventional and digital bite-wing radiography . Caries Res 1993; 27: 499-504.
  2. Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Smith BG, Wilson RF. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of occlusal caries: a study in vitro. J Oral Rehab 1995; 22: 15-20.
  3. Ketley CE, Holt RD. Visual and radiographic diagnosis of occlusal caries in first permanent molars and in second primary molars. Br Dent J 1993; 174: 364-70.
  4. De Araujo FB, Rosito DB, Toigo E, dos Santos CK. Diagnosis of approximal caries: radiographic versus clinical examination using tooth separation. Am J Dent 1992; 5: 245-8.
  5. Pitts NB, Kidd EA. Some of the factors to be considered in the prescription and timing of bitewing radiography in the diagnosis and management of dental caries. J Dent1992; 20: 74-84.
  6. White SC, Atchison KA, Hewlett ER, et al. Efficacy of FDA guidelines for ordering radiographs for caries detection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 531-40.
  7. Food and Drug Administration. The selection of patients for x-ray examinations: dental radiographic examinations. USDHHS Pub. No. FDS 88-8273, Rockville, MD; 1987: 1-32.