|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Cardiovascular
disease |
|
Complications
|
| Socio-economic
consequences |
| Hypertension |
| Smoking reduces the effectiveness of medical treatments for hypertension, as well as that of the beta blocker class of pharmaceuticals. |
| Smoking also constricts blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure for about 20 minutes after each cigarette. |
