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 |
 |
 |
 |
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| Cardiovascular
disease |
|
Complications
|
| Socio-economic
consequences |
| Healing from injury |
| It takes an average of 39 weeks for a bone fracture to heal in a smoker, compared with 21 weeks in a non-smoker. |
| Smoking increases the risk of vertebral fractures, and smokers are four times more likely to need surgery to fuse the spine, particularly for lower back problems. |
